domingo, 31 de maio de 2009

Adão, Eva e o "Paraíso" Fiscal

Quando você ouve falar da palavra “paraíso”, automaticamente existe a relação com a passagem bíblica do Gênesis, um local perfeito onde há liberdade para todos os tipos de atividades, especialmente as pecaminosas (vide Adão e Eva). Longe de qualquer aspecto teológico, este novo texto tem como objetivo discutir outro tipo de paraíso: o fiscal, seguindo à série de artigos sobre os tópicos tratados na reunião dos G20, ocorrida em abril, na cidade de Londres.
Segundo a Wikipédia, paraísos fiscais (ou offshores) são “estados nacionais ou regiões autónomas onde a lei facilita a aplicação de capitais estrangeiros, oferecendo uma espécie de dumping (1) fiscal, com alíquotas de tributação muito baixas ou nulas. Entre algumas características de tal lugar, consoante a OECD:
  1. Não-residentes (pessoas físicas ou jurídicas) operam com seu capital pagando um nível de taxação praticamente nulo, pois não acontecem operações comerciais dentro do paraíso em si.
  2. Não há troca de informações entre este país e aquele de onde os valores são originários. É praticamente impossível obter dados identificatórios de quem faz o que, com quem e como, isto é, respeitando-se o tal sigilo. Por pressão especialmente dos EEUU, esse aspecto está vagarosamente mudando, como nos é informado pela revista The Economist na última edição de maio (2009).

De uma maneira geral, são vistos pela sociedade de forma preconceituosa, visto que, por meio da mídia, somos informados de uso ilícito de tais locais para:

i) Desvios hediondos por Suharto, ex-ditador da Indonésia (R$ 35 bilhões de dólares) e Mobuku Sese Soko, ex-político do Congo (5 bilhões de dólares);

ii) Atividades de lavagem de dinheiro, identificada pela Lei 9.613/1998, a qual expressa em seu art. 1° o seguinte: “ocultar ou dissimular a natureza, origem, localização, disposição, movimentação ou propriedade de bens, direitos ou valores provenientes, direta ou indiretamente, de crimes”. Entre elas, pode-se levar em conta valores advindos de tráfico de drogas, subornos, comissões ilegais;

iii) Prática da evasão fiscal, isto é, forma ilícita de se esquivar do pagamento de tributos. Neste caso, nem é necessário que o capital saia do país, vide exemplo brasileiro de sonegação galopante.

Por outro lado, mesmo levando em conta os fatos acima, não podemos supor que a utilização de um paraíso fiscal é fraudulenta ou ilegal por si só (crítica que já virou clichê, especialmente em tempos de crédito escasso). Há, por exemplo, o uso da ferramenta de elisão fiscal, que nada mais do que é o aproveitamento, mediante comparação de ordenamentos (opções) tributárias, da alternativa mais favorável. Não se deve esquecer que a origem do paraíso fiscal está no desenvolvimento econômico e a globalização dos mercados, fatores questionados atualmente, entretanto, originalmente benignos. É possível dizer que vários Estados em si são, de certo modo, “paraísos fiscais”, visto que concedem vantagens no que tange a setores específicos, a exemplo do Panamá e da Libéria (produção de navios mercantes); de Luxemburgo e Holanda (preferências referentes a Holdings, Hedge Funds); da Suíça (pela tributação moderada e sigilo bancário). É incrível a relatividade das coisas.

A definição de paraíso fiscal pela Secretária da Receita Federal do Brasil, órgão que publica periodicamente um relatório de países assim denominados, é a de locais onde a tributação sobre a renda é inferior a 20%. São 40 países que figuram na lista, excluindo-se, por exemplo, o Paraguai, por razões diplomáticas.

Apesar de agora ser o bode espiatório do governo dos Estados Unidos, que repentinamente decidiu culpar o problema orçamentário atual à falta de tributação de tal capital, sabemos que como todos os aspectos da nossa vida, há sempre dois lados da mesma moeda. Se governos realmente desejam maiores índices de investimento, a exemplo do Brasil e seu vergonhoso 19% do PIB, que tal facilitar o código tributário e evitar mudanças diárias das regras?

20 comentários:

Anônimo disse...

Ao meu ver, quando se trata de tributação, o governo sempre escolhe a hora mais oportuna de justificar o aumento da carga tributária.

A tributação seja ela qual for a sua base, está escondida na deculpa de aumentar a receita do Estado em prol de medidas para desenvolver a economia.

Mas a velha pergunta se mantem, porque nao deixar esta parcela da renda na mao da propria economia ? Por que a pretensão do governo em achar que é o melhor alocador recursos?

Mas isso é outra história.

Matheus Pacini disse...

Boa tarde Daniel,

Essa presunção por parte do Estado é digna de ser ressaltada todos os dias. Talvez será discutida em um proximo texto...

E viva a tributação!
Abraço!

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